Article ID: 129931
Article Last Modified on 12/9/2003
APPLIES TO
- Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 Professional Edition
- Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 Professional Edition
- Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 16-bit Enterprise Edition
- Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 32-Bit Enterprise Edition
This article was previously published under Q129931
SUMMARY
The For Each statement can be used on variant type arrays and collections that contain generic object, variant, or OLE automation variables.
You can also use the For Each statement with an array that is not a variant type, but the result is a substantial decrease in performance. This article shows by example how to use the For Each statement to loop through collections and demonstrates the decrease in performance that occurs when you use the For Each statement to loop through arrays.
MORE INFORMATION
Although it is possible to use For Each on an array, there is rarely a reason to do so. You pay a substantial performance penalty on For Each statements. The For Each statement is advantageous in situations where the number of elements is unknown, but the number of elements in an array is almost always known. The only exceptions are arrays created by Visual Basic, such as ParamArray arguments (using the ParamArray keyword in a procedure creates arrays based on an indefinite number of arguments) and possibly control arrays.
For Each deals with objects rather than variables. A For Each on an array essentially does this:
Dim MyArray(i to j) as Variant
Dim VArray As Variant
For i = LBound(MyArray) to UBound(MyArray)
Set VArray = MyArray(i)
' Do something with VArray
Next
Usually, For Each is used on arrays or collections of objects or variants. However, if you are working on an array of strings (Dim MyArray(i to j) as String in the above example) Visual Basic converts each string element to a variant object internally in order to use Set on it. That is, Visual Basic performs the equivalent of:
Set VArray = CVar(MyArray(i))
Therefore, there is additional overhead when using For Each on arrays.
Steps to Demonstrate For Each versus For Next
- Start a new project in Visual Basic. Form1 is created by default.
Add the following code to the Form1_Click event Procedure:
Private Sub Form_Click() ForEach End Sub- From the Insert Menu, choose Module to add Module1 to the project.
Add the following code to the general declarations section of Module1:
#if Win32 Then Declare Function GetTickCount Lib "kernel32" () As Long #Else Declare Function GetTickCount Lib "User" () As Long #End If Public Sub ForEach() Dim MyArrayS(1 To 3000) As String Dim MyArrayI(1 To 3000) As Integer Dim MyArrayO(1 To 3000) As Object Dim MyArrayV(1 To 3000) As Variant Dim obj As Object Dim j As Integer Dim CurrElement, TheName, v Dim Date1 As Long, Date2 As Long, Date3 As Long Dim MyInt As New Collection Dim MyClasses As New Collection Date1 = GetTickCount() For i = 1 To 3000 MyArrayS(i) = "dummy" Next Date2 = GetTickCount() For Each CurrElement In MyArrayS CurrElement = "dummy" Next Date3 = GetTickCount() Form1.Print "For i on String Array " & CStr(Date2 - Date1) Form1.Print "For Each on String Array " & CStr(Date3 - Date2) Date1 = GetTickCount() For i = 1 To 3000 MyArrayI(i) = 1 Next Date2 = GetTickCount() For Each CurrElement In MyArrayI CurrElement = 1 Next Date3 = GetTickCount() Form1.Print "For i on Integer Array " & CStr(Date2 - Date1) Form1.Print "For Each on Integer Array " & CStr(Date3 - Date2) Date1 = GetTickCount() For i = 1 To 3000 Set MyArrayO(i) = obj Next Date2 = GetTickCount() For Each CurrElement In MyArrayO Set CurrElement = obj Next Date3 = GetTickCount() Form1.Print "For i on Object Array " & CStr(Date2 - Date1) Form1.Print "For Each on Object Array " & CStr(Date3 - Date2) Date1 = GetTickCount() For i = 1 To 3000 MyArrayV(i) = v Next Date2 = GetTickCount() For Each CurrElement In MyArrayV CurrElement = v Next Date3 = GetTickCount() Form1.Print "For i on Variant Array " & CStr(Date2 - Date1) Form1.Print "For Each on Variant Array " & CStr(Date3 - Date2) For i = 1 To 500 MyInt.Add Item:=j, Key:=CStr(i) Next Date1 = GetTickCount() For i = 1 To 500 j = MyInt.Item(i) Next Date2 = GetTickCount() For Each CurrElement In MyInt j = CurrElement Next Date3 = GetTickCount() Form1.Print "For i on Integer Collection " & CStr(Date2 - Date1) Form1.Print "For Each on Integer Collection " & CStr(Date3 - Date2) For i = 1 To 500 Dim Inst As New Class1 TheName = "Mike" & CStr(i) Inst.InstanceName = TheName MyClasses.Add Item:=Inst, Key:=CStr(i) Set Inst = Nothing Next Date1 = GetTickCount() For i = 1 To 500 Set a = MyClasses.Item(i) Next Date2 = GetTickCount() For Each CurrElement In MyClasses Set a = CurrElement Next Date3 = GetTickCount() Form1.Print "For i on Object Collection " & CStr(Date2 - Date1) Form1.Print "For Each on Object Collection " & CStr(Date3 - Date2) End Sub- From the Insert Menu, choose Class Module to add Class1 to the project.
Add the following code to the general declarations section of Class1:
Public InstanceName- Run the program.
In general, the results illustrate why you should use the For...Next statement on arrays and use the For Each...Next statement on collections.
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