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{{DISPLAYTITLE:macOS}}
'''Apple Mac OS X''' is the operating system for Apple Macintosh computers, first released to the public on March 24, 2001. It is the successor to Mac OS 9, hence the X signifying both its Unix roots and the major release version number 10. As mentioned by Apple, Wikipedia, and others, it is said as Mac OS 10. It shares none of the "Classic" Mac OS design, and is completely rewritten and uses Next frameworks, a hybrid XNU/Mach kernel, and a BSD subsystem dubbed "Darwin". While underlying components of OS X are free/open source software, the top layers, such as the Aqua UI, are proprietary; Darwin packages can be downloaded and compiled from the Apple Open Source website to make a bootable OS.
'''macOS''' (formerly ''Mac OS X'') is an operating system for Apple Macintosh computers,<ref>OS X running on Macs [https://www.apple.com/osx/ OS X page on apple.com]</ref> first released to the public on March 24, 2001, developed by [[Apple]]. It is the successor to Mac OS 9, hence the X signifying both its Unix roots and the major release version number 10. As mentioned by Apple, Wikipedia, and others, it is said as Mac OS 10. It shares none of the "Classic" Mac OS design, and is completely rewritten and uses Next frameworks, a hybrid XNU/Mach kernel, and a BSD subsystem dubbed "Darwin". While underlying components of OS X are free/open source software, the top layers, such as the Aqua UI, are proprietary; Darwin packages can be downloaded and compiled from the Apple Open Source website to make a bootable OS.


Mac OS X has been built for three different architectures and four platforms during its release cycle to date. The first six releases (10.0.0-10.5.8) were designed for the PowerPC architecture, adding 64-bit PowerPC support as an additional platform for the G5 in 10.3 Panther. Intel (x86) support started with 10.4.4 Tiger, and was built as a universal release for both PowerPC/x86 with 10.5 Leopard, which finally dropped all G3 support. Since 10.6, PowerPC support is non-existent/dropped, and Mac OS X is currently designed for Mac computers with Intel 32-bit (x86) and Intel 64-bit (x86_64) architectures. AMD is not currently officially supported. Starting with 10.7 "Lion", Mac OS X is now referred to simply as "OS X".
Mac OS X has been built for three different architectures and four platforms during its release cycle to date. The first six releases (10.0.0-10.5.8) were designed for the PowerPC architecture, adding 64-bit PowerPC support as an additional platform for the G5 in 10.3 Panther. Intel (x86) support started with 10.4.4 Tiger, and was built as a universal release for both PowerPC/x86 with 10.5 Leopard, which finally dropped all G3 support. Since 10.6, PowerPC support is non-existent/dropped, and Mac OS X is currently designed for Mac computers with Intel 32-bit (x86) and Intel 64-bit (x86_64) architectures. AMD is not currently officially supported. Starting with 10.7 "Lion", Mac OS X is now referred to simply as "OS X".<ref>Mac OS X is now called OS X [https://www.apple.com/osx/ OS X page on apple.com]</ref>


The "iPhone OS" or iOS, which powers the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad is a direct descendant of OS X, and shares its design and many internal frameworks. The latest version of OS X is "Yosemite" (10.10), released on October 16, 2014.
The "iPhone OS" or iOS, which powers the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad<ref>iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad are powered by iOS [http://www.apple.com/ios/ iOS page on apple.com]</ref> is a direct descendant of OS X, and shares its design and many internal frameworks. The previous version of OS X is "Yosemite" (10.10), released on October 16, 2014.<ref>The latest version is 10.11.5 [https://www.apple.com/osx/ OS X page on apple.com]</ref> macOS Sierra (10.12 internally) is currently in development, scheduled for this Fall.<ref>Development of macOS Sierra [http://www.apple.com/macos/sierra-preview/ macOS Sierra preview page on apple.com]</ref> Developer previews and Public Betas are available.<ref>Developer Previews Public Betas are available [https://beta.apple.com/sp/betaprogram/ Apple Beta Software Program on apple.com] [https://developer.apple.com/osx/pre-release/ Developer preview on developer website of Apple]</ref>


__TOC__
== Versions ==


==Versions==
=== Classic ===
==== Earlier Releases ====
It is worth noting that releases before 3.x are usually buggy and unstable, and should not be used on your vintage Macintosh computer if you want it to do anything useful.
 
==== BYTE Build ====
Screenshots of this build were provided in the BYTE magazine in 1984. This version has a black default background and has the Arrange menu.
 
==== System 0.85 ====
It was first leaked version of the Macintosh operating system. This version was the base for the Tour disk that came with the original Macintosh, and a non-tour version exists but boots only on special development hardware.
[[image:SDMP(UNKNOWN).jpg|thumb|System 0.85 standalone version]]
 
'''Features'''
* System icons are of a prototype Macintosh with a Twiggy drive.
* Folder icons are round.
* The about box scene is much more simpler, done in MacPaint by Susan Kare, and is in the code, NOT a resource.
* The Alternate disk (Unknown Disk) system is present
* Grim Reaper icon in resources (unused)
 
'''Bugs'''
* Key Caps crashes the machine and sometimes corrupts the display memory.
* Alternate Disk system, although unusually unscrapped, goes to the RAM. Opening a application destroys this data.
* Scroll bars do not grey out when there is no scroll space.
* Doesn't work with many applications.
 
==== System 0.97 ====
It was the first official version of the Macintosh operating system. It came with the Macintosh 128k when it first released. This version is already pre-installed on a 400k floppy, which it also booted from and ran with 128k of RAM. Still based on the updated kernel of 0.85, this version is still quite buggy. However, most of the bugs from 0.85 were fixed and it is technically done.
 
==== System 1.1d ====
An update to 0.97, had slight changes but is otherwise the same. The most common version of pre-System 6 OS'es.
 
==== System 1.1g ====
System 1.1g kernel with 2 disks packed with developing / debugging software. This used to be a rare version of the Mac OS until it was released on BetaArchive.
 
==== System 1.1h ====
Not much is known about this odd version, but we do know that it exists.
 
==== System 2.0 ====
Technically the same as System 1.1, yet has several bug fixes. Recommended for your 128k if you can't get ahold of System 3.x.
 
==== System 6 ====
System 6 was a version of Mac OS, It was released on April 1988. The operating system of the Apple Macintosh computer, which was used in the late 1980s prior to the introduction of System 7. It is still widely considered to be the best system software version for the Macintoshes compatible with it. Cooperative multitasking made its Macintosh debut in March 1985 with a program called Switcher, which allowed the user to launch multiple applications and switch between them. However, many programs and features did not function correctly with Switcher, and it did not come with the operating system, so it had to be acquired from Apple separately. System 6 featured a much more seamless approach called MultiFinder. MultiFinder originally debuted with System 5 (System file 4.2 / Finder 6.0). Multitasking under System 6 was optional — startup could be set to Finder or MultiFinder. If MultiFinder was selected, the Finder and its functions continued to run when an application was launched. The MultiFinder environment allowed users to see past the windows of running applications to view Finder icons such as the Trash, or the windows of other applications running in the background.
 
==== Mac OS 7 ====
[[File:Welcometomacos-original.png|200px|thumb|right|Mac OS 7 booting up]]
System 7 (codenamed ''Big Bang'') was initially released in May 1991.<br />
Versions 7.0 to 7.1.1 only worked on the 68k platform; 7.1.2 added support for PowerPC processors.
 
==== Mac OS 8 ====
<!--[[File:Macos81boot.gif|200px|thumb|right|Mac OS 8.1 booting up]] -->
Released on July 26, 1997. It had the codename ''"Tempo"''.
<br />
Initially, the early beta releases of the product which were circulated to developers and Apple internal audiences, were branded as Mac OS 7.7 (superseding the current release, Mac OS 7.6). Afterwards, the software was later renamed to Mac OS 8 before the final release.<br>
The fist two releases of Mac OS 8 still could be run on Motorola 68k processors, however version 8.5 dropped support for the 68k platform, only supporting PowerPC based Macintoshes.
 
==== Mac OS 9 ====
[[File:Mac_OS_9.png|200px|thumb|right|Mac OS 9.0.4 Booting up]]<!--[[File:Mac_OS_9_with_A_Few_Running_Applications.png|200px|thumb|left|Mac OS 9.0.4 with some running applications]]-->
Released on October 23, 1999, codenamed ''"Sonata"''.
<br>
Apple discontinued development of Mac OS 9 in May 2002.
 
=== Mac OS X: 2001-2015 ===


<table class="wikitable">
<table class="wikitable">
<th colspan=4><h3>Mac OS X versions</h3></th>
<tr>
<tr>
<th>Trade name</th>
<th>Release</th>
<th>Version</th>
<th>Version</th>
<th>Codename</th>
<th>Internal name</th>
<th>Architecture</th>
<th>Additional information</th>
<th>Additional information</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Developer Preview]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Server 1.x]]</td>
<td></td>
<td>1.0-1.2.3</td>
<td></td>
<td>Rhapsody 5.3</td>
<td></td>
<td>G3 Beige - early G4 (ppc)</td>
<td>Early developer releases of Mac OS X based on the Rhapsody OS.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Public Beta]]
<td>[[Mac OS X Public Beta]]
<td></td>
<td>10.0.1H39</td>
<td></td>
<td>Kodiak</td>
<td></td>
<td>G3 Beige - G4 (ppc32)</td>
<td>Official beta for participating users; famously had no Apple menu.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Cheetah]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Cheetah]]</td>
<td>10.0</td>
<td>10.0</td>
<td></td>
<td>Cheetah</td>
<td></td>
<td>G3 Beige - G4 (ppc32)</td>
<td>The gold release of Mac OS X. While revolutionary, Cheetah was slow and lacked labels, burn support, and other features.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Puma]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Puma]]</td>
<td>10.1</td>
<td>10.1</td>
<td></td>
<td>Puma</td>
<td></td>
<td>G3 Beige - G4 (ppc32)</td>
<td>Incremental update to 10.0, which fixed bugs, optimized the system, and added Burn support. Offered free to affected 10.0 users at the time.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Jaguar]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Jaguar]]</td>
<td>10.2</td>
<td>10.2</td>
<td></td>
<td>Jaguar</td>
<td></td>
<td>G3 Beige - G4 (ppc32)</td>
<td>First major upgrade for Mac OS X, with a marketed 150 new features. It is also the first to sport a feline theme and its codename on the box.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Panther]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Panther]]</td>
<td>10.3</td>
<td>10.3</td>
<td></td>
<td>Panther</td>
<td></td>
<td>G3/G4 (ppc32), G5 (ppc64)</td>
<td>Second major upgrade for Mac OS X. Introduced Expose, FileVault, rapid search APIs, G5 support, and a new Finder.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Tiger]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Tiger]]</td>
<td>10.4</td>
<td>10.4</td>
<td></td>
<td>Tiger</td>
<td></td>
<td>G3/G4 (ppc32), G5 (ppc64), x86/x64</td>
<td>Introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, H.264 support, and was the first to run on x86 (10.4.7+). It is the longest running release ever with 11 updates.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Leopard]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Leopard]]</td>
<td>10.5</td>
<td>10.5</td>
<td></td>
<td>Leopard</td>
<td></td>
<td>G4 (ppc32), G5 (ppc64), x86/x64</td>
<td>Introduced Cocoa Finder with QuickLook, Spaces, Time Machine, and visual overhaul. Last version to support G4/G5, and only unified x86/x64/ppc(64) release on one disc.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Snow Leopard]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Snow Leopard]]</td>
<td>10.6</td>
<td>10.6</td>
<td></td>
<td>Snow Leopard</td>
<td></td>
<td>Intel x86/x64</td>
<td>Optimized $29 successor to 10.5. It is the last version for 32-bit x86 (Core Solo/Duo).</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Lion]]</td>
<td>[[Mac OS X Lion]]</td>
<td>10.7</td>
<td>10.7</td>
<td></td>
<td>Lion</td>
<td></td>
<td>Intel x64</td>
<td>First release to require x64, and the first digital (non-optical) release. Introduced Autosave, fullscreen app support, Mission Control, the Mac App Store, Launchpad, and many other features for $19.99. It is the last release to not require efi64 (late 2008 and later).</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Mountain Lion]]</td>
<td>[[OS X Mountain Lion]]</td>
<td>10.8</td>
<td>10.8</td>
<td></td>
<td>Mountain Lion</td>
<td></td>
<td>Intel x64</td>
<td>$19.99 upgrade to Lion, with Gatekeeper, better memory protection, improved scrolling and Autosave control, tweaked applications, and new iOS inspired applications (Notes, Reminders). Dropped 'Mac' in the OS X title, and requires an x64 EFI, which obsoleted several 64-bit Macs.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Mavericks]]</td>
<td>[[OS X Mavericks]]</td>
<td>10.9</td>
<td>10.9</td>
<td></td>
<td>Mavericks</td>
<td></td>
<td>Intel x64</td>
<td>First release to drop the feline theme, named after California landmarks. First release of OS X since 10.1 to be free to Mac users. Introduced major core system improvements since Snow Leopard, including timed coalescing, memory compression, and energy tweaks.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Mac OS X Yosemite]]</td>
<td>[[OS X Yosemite]]</td>
<td>10.10</td>
<td>10.10</td>
<td></td>
<td>Yosemite</td>
<td></td>
<td>Intel x64</td>
<td>Features a redesign of the UI to match iOS 7, Swift, an all-new Spotlight, Handoff support, Continuity, widgets, and more. Adds Extensions (ode to classic), and a dark mode for the Dock and Menubar.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[OS X El Capitan]]</td>
<td>10.11</td>
<td>El Capitan</td>
<td>Intel x64</td>
<td>Introduces filters for Spotlight, SIP, and overall improvements to the system like 10.6 and 10.9.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>


===Snow Leopard (10.6)===
=== macOS: 2016-present ===
Main Article: [[Mac OS X 10.6|Mac OS X 10.6]]


<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>Release</th>
<th>Version</th>
<th>Internal name</th>
<th>Architecture</th>
<th>Additional information</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[macOS Sierra]]</td>
<td>10.12</td>
<td>Sierra</td>
<td rowspan="4">Intel x64</td>
<td>Visually changes the name for the first time since 2001. It has added Siri to the Mac, Optimized Storage, watchOS paired unlocking, improved Swift, universal Clipboard and Tabs, and APFS support. It is the first release since 10.8 to shift requirements.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[macOS High Sierra]]</td>
<td>10.13</td>
<td>High Sierra</td>


10.5 "Leopard" had been a large success, having finally unified support for Intel and PowerPC machines onto one DVD release, with full 64-bit support for the PowerMac G5. Despite these advances, 10.5 still lacked a complete switch from the kernel down to 64-bit throughout the whole system for the newly-released Intel machines (the Mac Pro was already 64-bit capable, and several Mac models quickly switched from using the Core Duo (32-bit) to the then-new Core 2 Duo (64-bit) processor.) A successor to 10.5 "Leopard" was first announced at the WWDC on June 9, 2008, then again in 2009, and finally was released to the public August 28 of the same year.
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[macOS Mojave]]</td>
<td>10.14</td>
<td>Mojave</td>


10.6 "Snow Leopard" was not advertised as competing against Windows as Leopard had done previously, nor was it toted as containing a groundbreaking feature set. Rather, the mission of 10.6 "Snow Leopard" was to further Mac OS X by adding support for new technologies, fine tuning, and refining frameworks and the OS as a whole from the previous release on Apple desktops and notebooks. Part of this change, as previously mentioned, was the introduction of full 64-bit support for x86_64 Macs, though "Snow Leopard" was also designed to run as a 32-bit OS on hardware such as the early Core Duo-based Mac Mini, iMac, and MacBook models.
<td>Ends support for OpenGL and OpenCL in favour of Apple's proprietary Metal graphics API.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[macOS Catalina]]</td>
<td>10.15</td>
<td>Catalina</td>


Despite being smaller, "Snow Leopard" is a release to be reckoned with, as it improved the overall performance of the system, fixing several bugs that caused overall sluggishness in the previous large-scale release, 10.5 "Leopard". Accessibility features, including the drastic changes made to VoiceOver and to several underlying features, were improved to be more responsive to input. Time Machine backups were smoother on average, Finder file operations, such as copying and emptying the Trash, were tweaked overall for faster performance, and both CUPS (the underlying printing service for OS X and other *nix-like systems) and network operations were improved. Smaller improvements, such as better support for mDNS packets and energy improvements were made as well. A minor, but welcome change often overlooked is the addition of a Restore button in the Trash on the Mac, that has existed in the Recycle Bin for Windows users since 95. The memory footprint and disk footprint were significantly reduced for a lighter and faster install (10.5 required 9 GB; 10.6 reduced this to 5 GB minimum). A clean installation of "Snow Leopard" took 15-20 minutes less on average than an install of "Leopard" on the same hardware with its initial release, making it easier for system administrators to upgrade hardware. The addition of OpenCL and several notable improvements to CoreAudio, CoreAnimation, and CoreVideo made it easier for developers to release media-rich applications without impacting the performance of their system; it also solidified the work from earlier releases of the above frameworks, and allowed new applications to be built in this category as well. In addition, application sandboxing, the shift of major applications to 64-bit (note: these only run as 64-bit on 64-bit hardware), address randomization and advances to securing memory helped to further protect Mac OS X.
<td>Replaces iTunes with three new apps: Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, and Apple TV. Ends all support for 32-bit applications.</td>
 
</tr>
Finder finally finished the long transition to being a completed Cocoa application, and Boot Camp allowed Windows-on-Mac users to access their OS X formatted partitions (HFS+). Multi-touch trackpad support was also greatly improved from Leopard, and allows all-new gestures on all supported Mac magic mice and trackpads. Other features include fixes to TextEdit and Preview when editing or selecting text versus earlier versions (where text may have been highlighted accidentally), Microsoft Exchange support, improved iChat video quality, and a new release of Safari 4.0 that added the then-popular Cover Flow feature, Top Sites, and crash resistance and (limited) process isolation (this would not be completed until Mavericks, 4 years later). Lastly, QuickTime X was introduced with an all-new overlay controls style with a translucent title bar that floated on top of the video, making the active video or QuickTime window look like a large thumbnail. It also added new controls, such as the ability to cut, all-new HD support for HD videos and content, and allowed screen captures, video recording, and audio recording built into Mac OS X natively for the first time (previous versions required third-party applications to record sound or to screencast).
</table>
 
Other minor improvements include small tweaks to the Aqua UI, such as to window buttons and the Menubar, as well as to the Aurora wallpaper (which appears smoother), and a gamma change from the old 1.8 Macintosh default to a lower, more crisp gamma default to help aid photography and media professionals better calibrate their work to industry-standard displays. New "Art" wallpaper and other additions were stealthily added to Desktop & Screen Saver preferences as well and an optional eject button is shown in the Menubar for devices.
 
The final cumulative update to "Snow Leopard", 10.6.8, added several security patches, performance and reliability fixes, and also backported the Mac App Store to "Snow Leopard" as well, where a user is then able to upgrade to 10.8 "Mountain Lion", 10.9 "Mavericks", or even 10.10 "Yosemite" through the App Store. However, 10.6.8 "Snow Leopard", along with previous Mac OS X releases, are vulnerable to the potential "Shellshock" holes that may affect the underlying BSD subsystem by exploiting bash to gain unwanted control and access on an unpatched system. Since Apple only provides an official patch to this issue for 10.7 "Lion" and above, solutions include compiling a recent build of bash from the GNU FTP and copying the binaries manually, or extracting the installer package for Lion with Pacifist and placing the pre-compiled binaries into the intended folders using Terminal (which may be an easier method for non-developers).
 
10.6 "Snow Leopard" is a unique, well-loved, and critical release for several reasons, as it is the last stable and longest supported OS X version before the major changes made in 10.7 "Lion" and later that mimicked the feature set in iOS. It is the final release to retain the original Dashboard and Expose functionality by default (rather than Mission Control) and is the final version to include QuickTime 7 (needed for legacy video support). "Snow Leopard", however, mainly owes its long life to the fact that it is also the last release to support 32-bit Intel Core Duo and Core Solo models, and is the last Mac OS X release to include the Rosetta compatibility layer, making it possible to run most (though not all) applications written for PowerPC, such as Photoshop for the G4. While Universal applications can still run on "Lion" and later, it is this support that is treasured by many Macintosh enthusiasts who still wish to run older software on their Intel Macs, making it perhaps one of the most-loved releases in OS X history.
 
It is also by far the version of choice for veteran Hackintosh users, and in this sense is comparable to XP for Microsoft, and a third-party hack makes "Snow Leopard" the only version that can boot and install on AMD64 machines. However, perhaps the driving factor behind this was the low $29 price point that Apple offered this release for, making owning personal copies affordable and thereby a much more likely target to install. With "Snow Leopard", Apple solidified their operating system as a world-class, enterprise ready system that was not just fun and dynamic, but that was tuned well with solidified frameworks, proving to be reliable. With this release, Apple began to focus on the next set of major features and finally dropped support for G4 and G5 (PowerPC) processors, just as it had dropped the lower-powered G3 in "Leopard".
,
 
===Lion (10.7)===
A preview of Lion was publicly unveiled at Apple's "Back to the Mac" event on October 20, 2010. It will bring many developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily-navigable display of installed applications, to the Mac, and will include support for the Mac App Store, as introduced in Mac OS X Snow Leopard version 10.6.6. On February 24, 2011, the first developer's preview of Lion (11A390) was released to subscribers of Apple's developers program. The latest preview (build 11A459e) was released on May 13, 2011.
 
In a press release by Apple on May 31st, 2011, an announcement was made that this new release will be unveiled by Steve Jobs on June 6th at the WWDC 2011.
 
It was scheduled to release on Summer 2011.
 
This was also the last Mac OS developed before Steve Jobs died.
 
A Intel Core 2 Duo or newer processor and 2 GB of RAM is required.


===Mountain Lion (10.8)===
== Timeline ==
OS X is released on July 25, 2012. It mostly adds new iCloud-based software, to replace the older Apple cloud software .me. There is also a new Notification Center, which displays messages from phone, and new notifications from online services.
[[File:Mac_OS_Timeline.png]]


====Basic System Requirements for OS X Mountain Lion:====
== Emulation ==
*64-Bit Intel Core 2 Duo processor or better required
[[File:Mini_vMac_for_the_iPhone.PNG|200px|thumb|left|Mini vMac, a 68k Macintosh emulator running on the iPhone]]
*Ability to boot into OS X 64-bit kernel
There are a few good 68k Macintosh emulators available today, which have been ported to various platforms and operating systems. Most of these emulators can run the full range of 68k Macintosh System Software<br>
*Advanced GPU chipset required
There is one PowerPC emulator, SheepShaver, which runs Mac OS System 7.1.2 through 9.0.4, and has been ported to various operating systems. The reason Mac OS 9.1 and up don't run in SheepShaver is that SheepShaver lacks a Memory Management Unit emulator, something that the last few Mac OS Releases needed.
*Internet connection required to download and install OS X 10.8


====Macs that support OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion====
*MacBook Pro – 13″ from mid 2009 or later, 15″ from late 2007 and newer, 17″ from late 2007 and newer
*MacBook Air – late 2008 and newer
*iMac – models from mid 2007 and newer
*MacBook – 13″ aluminum from 2008, 13″ from 2009 and newer
*Mac Mini – early 2009 and newer
*Mac Pro – early 2008 models and newer
*XServe – early 2009 models and newer


====Macs that do NOT support OS X Mountain Lion====
*Anything with an Intel GMA 950 or x3100 integrated graphics card
*Anything with an ATI Radeon X1600
*MacBook models released prior to 2008
*Mac Mini released prior to 2007
*iMac models released prior to 2007
*Original MacBook Air


===Mavericks (10.9)===
Mavericks is the tenth major release of OS X. It was announced at June 10, 2013, at WWDC 2013. The RTM was released on October 22, 2013 and it boasts several changes over the original OS X releases.


Mavericks made Apple history for two distinct reasons: 1) For the first time, OS X was released to all qualifying Mac users free of charge as a system upgrade on the Mac App Store, and 2) Mavericks is the first release that stopped using feline codenames and switched to California-based titles, thus making it the start of a new generation or line of OS X. Mavericks also did not change system requirements significantly (if at all) from Mountain Lion.


While aestetically the same as 10.8 "Mountain Lion" (the previous release), 10.9 introduced memory compression, improved paging, and new energy management features, along with Time Coalescing.


===Yosemite (10.10)===
== References ==
Yosemite is the current version of OS X, released on October 16, 2014. It was announced at the 2014 WWDC, and is currently available for free download from the Mac App Store for all users. Yosemite is perhaps the largest change to Mac OS since the release of 10.0 itself, with a completely redesigned Aqua UI inspired by the translucent "Glass" design of iOS 7, new icons, Continuity, Spotlight 2, and other large-scale changes.
<references></references>
[[Category:Operating Systems]]

Revision as of 00:38, 20 November 2019

macOS (formerly Mac OS X) is an operating system for Apple Macintosh computers,[1] first released to the public on March 24, 2001, developed by Apple. It is the successor to Mac OS 9, hence the X signifying both its Unix roots and the major release version number 10. As mentioned by Apple, Wikipedia, and others, it is said as Mac OS 10. It shares none of the "Classic" Mac OS design, and is completely rewritten and uses Next frameworks, a hybrid XNU/Mach kernel, and a BSD subsystem dubbed "Darwin". While underlying components of OS X are free/open source software, the top layers, such as the Aqua UI, are proprietary; Darwin packages can be downloaded and compiled from the Apple Open Source website to make a bootable OS.

Mac OS X has been built for three different architectures and four platforms during its release cycle to date. The first six releases (10.0.0-10.5.8) were designed for the PowerPC architecture, adding 64-bit PowerPC support as an additional platform for the G5 in 10.3 Panther. Intel (x86) support started with 10.4.4 Tiger, and was built as a universal release for both PowerPC/x86 with 10.5 Leopard, which finally dropped all G3 support. Since 10.6, PowerPC support is non-existent/dropped, and Mac OS X is currently designed for Mac computers with Intel 32-bit (x86) and Intel 64-bit (x86_64) architectures. AMD is not currently officially supported. Starting with 10.7 "Lion", Mac OS X is now referred to simply as "OS X".[2]

The "iPhone OS" or iOS, which powers the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad[3] is a direct descendant of OS X, and shares its design and many internal frameworks. The previous version of OS X is "Yosemite" (10.10), released on October 16, 2014.[4] macOS Sierra (10.12 internally) is currently in development, scheduled for this Fall.[5] Developer previews and Public Betas are available.[6]

Versions

Classic

Earlier Releases

It is worth noting that releases before 3.x are usually buggy and unstable, and should not be used on your vintage Macintosh computer if you want it to do anything useful.

BYTE Build

Screenshots of this build were provided in the BYTE magazine in 1984. This version has a black default background and has the Arrange menu.

System 0.85

It was first leaked version of the Macintosh operating system. This version was the base for the Tour disk that came with the original Macintosh, and a non-tour version exists but boots only on special development hardware.

File:SDMP(UNKNOWN).jpg
System 0.85 standalone version

Features

  • System icons are of a prototype Macintosh with a Twiggy drive.
  • Folder icons are round.
  • The about box scene is much more simpler, done in MacPaint by Susan Kare, and is in the code, NOT a resource.
  • The Alternate disk (Unknown Disk) system is present
  • Grim Reaper icon in resources (unused)

Bugs

  • Key Caps crashes the machine and sometimes corrupts the display memory.
  • Alternate Disk system, although unusually unscrapped, goes to the RAM. Opening a application destroys this data.
  • Scroll bars do not grey out when there is no scroll space.
  • Doesn't work with many applications.

System 0.97

It was the first official version of the Macintosh operating system. It came with the Macintosh 128k when it first released. This version is already pre-installed on a 400k floppy, which it also booted from and ran with 128k of RAM. Still based on the updated kernel of 0.85, this version is still quite buggy. However, most of the bugs from 0.85 were fixed and it is technically done.

System 1.1d

An update to 0.97, had slight changes but is otherwise the same. The most common version of pre-System 6 OS'es.

System 1.1g

System 1.1g kernel with 2 disks packed with developing / debugging software. This used to be a rare version of the Mac OS until it was released on BetaArchive.

System 1.1h

Not much is known about this odd version, but we do know that it exists.

System 2.0

Technically the same as System 1.1, yet has several bug fixes. Recommended for your 128k if you can't get ahold of System 3.x.

System 6

System 6 was a version of Mac OS, It was released on April 1988. The operating system of the Apple Macintosh computer, which was used in the late 1980s prior to the introduction of System 7. It is still widely considered to be the best system software version for the Macintoshes compatible with it. Cooperative multitasking made its Macintosh debut in March 1985 with a program called Switcher, which allowed the user to launch multiple applications and switch between them. However, many programs and features did not function correctly with Switcher, and it did not come with the operating system, so it had to be acquired from Apple separately. System 6 featured a much more seamless approach called MultiFinder. MultiFinder originally debuted with System 5 (System file 4.2 / Finder 6.0). Multitasking under System 6 was optional — startup could be set to Finder or MultiFinder. If MultiFinder was selected, the Finder and its functions continued to run when an application was launched. The MultiFinder environment allowed users to see past the windows of running applications to view Finder icons such as the Trash, or the windows of other applications running in the background.

Mac OS 7

Mac OS 7 booting up

System 7 (codenamed Big Bang) was initially released in May 1991.
Versions 7.0 to 7.1.1 only worked on the 68k platform; 7.1.2 added support for PowerPC processors.

Mac OS 8

Released on July 26, 1997. It had the codename "Tempo".
Initially, the early beta releases of the product which were circulated to developers and Apple internal audiences, were branded as Mac OS 7.7 (superseding the current release, Mac OS 7.6). Afterwards, the software was later renamed to Mac OS 8 before the final release.
The fist two releases of Mac OS 8 still could be run on Motorola 68k processors, however version 8.5 dropped support for the 68k platform, only supporting PowerPC based Macintoshes.

Mac OS 9

Mac OS 9.0.4 Booting up

Released on October 23, 1999, codenamed "Sonata".
Apple discontinued development of Mac OS 9 in May 2002.

Mac OS X: 2001-2015

Release Version Internal name Architecture Additional information
Mac OS X Server 1.x 1.0-1.2.3 Rhapsody 5.3 G3 Beige - early G4 (ppc) Early developer releases of Mac OS X based on the Rhapsody OS.
Mac OS X Public Beta 10.0.1H39 Kodiak G3 Beige - G4 (ppc32) Official beta for participating users; famously had no Apple menu.
Mac OS X Cheetah 10.0 Cheetah G3 Beige - G4 (ppc32) The gold release of Mac OS X. While revolutionary, Cheetah was slow and lacked labels, burn support, and other features.
Mac OS X Puma 10.1 Puma G3 Beige - G4 (ppc32) Incremental update to 10.0, which fixed bugs, optimized the system, and added Burn support. Offered free to affected 10.0 users at the time.
Mac OS X Jaguar 10.2 Jaguar G3 Beige - G4 (ppc32) First major upgrade for Mac OS X, with a marketed 150 new features. It is also the first to sport a feline theme and its codename on the box.
Mac OS X Panther 10.3 Panther G3/G4 (ppc32), G5 (ppc64) Second major upgrade for Mac OS X. Introduced Expose, FileVault, rapid search APIs, G5 support, and a new Finder.
Mac OS X Tiger 10.4 Tiger G3/G4 (ppc32), G5 (ppc64), x86/x64 Introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, H.264 support, and was the first to run on x86 (10.4.7+). It is the longest running release ever with 11 updates.
Mac OS X Leopard 10.5 Leopard G4 (ppc32), G5 (ppc64), x86/x64 Introduced Cocoa Finder with QuickLook, Spaces, Time Machine, and visual overhaul. Last version to support G4/G5, and only unified x86/x64/ppc(64) release on one disc.
Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard Intel x86/x64 Optimized $29 successor to 10.5. It is the last version for 32-bit x86 (Core Solo/Duo).
Mac OS X Lion 10.7 Lion Intel x64 First release to require x64, and the first digital (non-optical) release. Introduced Autosave, fullscreen app support, Mission Control, the Mac App Store, Launchpad, and many other features for $19.99. It is the last release to not require efi64 (late 2008 and later).
OS X Mountain Lion 10.8 Mountain Lion Intel x64 $19.99 upgrade to Lion, with Gatekeeper, better memory protection, improved scrolling and Autosave control, tweaked applications, and new iOS inspired applications (Notes, Reminders). Dropped 'Mac' in the OS X title, and requires an x64 EFI, which obsoleted several 64-bit Macs.
OS X Mavericks 10.9 Mavericks Intel x64 First release to drop the feline theme, named after California landmarks. First release of OS X since 10.1 to be free to Mac users. Introduced major core system improvements since Snow Leopard, including timed coalescing, memory compression, and energy tweaks.
OS X Yosemite 10.10 Yosemite Intel x64 Features a redesign of the UI to match iOS 7, Swift, an all-new Spotlight, Handoff support, Continuity, widgets, and more. Adds Extensions (ode to classic), and a dark mode for the Dock and Menubar.
OS X El Capitan 10.11 El Capitan Intel x64 Introduces filters for Spotlight, SIP, and overall improvements to the system like 10.6 and 10.9.

macOS: 2016-present

Release Version Internal name Architecture Additional information
macOS Sierra 10.12 Sierra Intel x64 Visually changes the name for the first time since 2001. It has added Siri to the Mac, Optimized Storage, watchOS paired unlocking, improved Swift, universal Clipboard and Tabs, and APFS support. It is the first release since 10.8 to shift requirements.
macOS High Sierra 10.13 High Sierra
macOS Mojave 10.14 Mojave Ends support for OpenGL and OpenCL in favour of Apple's proprietary Metal graphics API.
macOS Catalina 10.15 Catalina Replaces iTunes with three new apps: Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, and Apple TV. Ends all support for 32-bit applications.

Timeline

Mac OS Timeline.png

Emulation

Mini vMac, a 68k Macintosh emulator running on the iPhone

There are a few good 68k Macintosh emulators available today, which have been ported to various platforms and operating systems. Most of these emulators can run the full range of 68k Macintosh System Software
There is one PowerPC emulator, SheepShaver, which runs Mac OS System 7.1.2 through 9.0.4, and has been ported to various operating systems. The reason Mac OS 9.1 and up don't run in SheepShaver is that SheepShaver lacks a Memory Management Unit emulator, something that the last few Mac OS Releases needed.




References

  1. ↑ OS X running on Macs OS X page on apple.com
  2. ↑ Mac OS X is now called OS X OS X page on apple.com
  3. ↑ iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad are powered by iOS iOS page on apple.com
  4. ↑ The latest version is 10.11.5 OS X page on apple.com
  5. ↑ Development of macOS Sierra macOS Sierra preview page on apple.com
  6. ↑ Developer Previews Public Betas are available Apple Beta Software Program on apple.com Developer preview on developer website of Apple
Retrieved from ‘https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php?title=MacOS&oldid=24345’
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