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===Leopard (10.5)===
Main article: [[Mac OS X 10.5|Mac OS X 10.5]]
With the release of Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger", Apple had become aware of Microsoft's plans for a next-generation version of Windows codenamed "Longhorn" at the time, and pushed forward with several revolutionary desktop features, and began to market Mac OS X as "the world's most advanced operating system".
Leopard, however, is very significant to Apple Mac OS X history for numerous reasons. The first, however, is because it holds the longest record between Mac OS X releases, and outside of the Intel transition may be what contributed to the longest update cycle yet in 10.4 "Tiger", (though this is only speculation and is debatable). Apple's former CEO Steve Jobs first mentioned a next OS X release after Tiger in 2005, but announced Leopard on August 7 at the WWDC 2006, targeting a Spring 2007 release that never occurred. Conversely, Microsoft's project "Longhorn", however, finally was completed as Windows Vista on November 8, 2006, and by January 30 of that next year had shipped. Leopard again was announced, this time as a full beta, on June 11 at the WWDC 2007--one year after the original announcement. Even then, 10.5 "Leopard" would not be released until that fall in October--9 months after Windows Vista and 2 years after the original discussion.
When 10.5 was finally released to the public, it had the most impressive array of features yet and complemented Apple's new "Mac vs. PC" ad, which had taken full advantage of the bad press following Vista's release. While Panther and Tiger had indeed introduced three revolutionary features altogether that would be icons for Mac users everywhere, with the introduction of Expose and FileVault, then Spotlight -- Leopard brought a total of 300 new changes and features, and several major innovations that actually were ahead of or equaled work done with Longhorn in several respects.
The first major set of changes were done to the Aqua UI, which had previously undergone brushed metal and glossy, semi-unified changes in Tiger and Panther. In Leopard, several major system icons were changed for the first time, including all folders in the Finder. This caused controversy amongst reviewers who found the new flat badged folders to be difficult to distinguish at smaller icon sizes. But Aqua did finally address long-held concerns by the Mac community in several areas. Leopard introduced the Unified toolbar design in all applications, and completely got rid of the brushed metal and glossy pinstriped plastic and aluminum look and feel, replacing it instead with a dark gray, more professional tone. System dialogs, menus, and sheets now had blurred, smooth backgrounds and corners were rounded. Animation speed and responsiveness improved significantly from earlier versions, and drop shadows were strengthened on active windows. Blue gradients for selected items were made sharper and darker with a distinct vertical gradient, and the AirPort menu was slightly cleaned up and improved, allowing faster selection of networks over Tiger. The Menubar became square, losing its signature rounded corners, and also became semi-transparent, slightly showing the background underneath. The Dock was transformed into a 3D "reflective floor" as well, as described by the Leopard Dock demo video, which meant windows close to the dock and icons reflected back like a mirror. The Dock also replaced the old triangle indicators with blue orbs of light to signify running applications. Both changes also caused complaints amongst reviewers due to visibility, similar to the badged folders, and Apple eventually allowed Mac users to turn off Menubar transparency in Desktop & Screen Saver preferences. The Dock can also be changed to a black 2D appearance by either putting it on the left or right sides, or through a Boolean value in Terminal. Also, Macs that did not support new Core frameworks and acceleration, such as older G4s, had a gray-white solid Menubar gradient background instead.
Spotlight was dramatically expanded to search networked Macs, supported Back to My Mac, and could now retrieve Dictionary definitions and do simple calculations from the Menubar when summoned. The OS X Help system also featured Spotlight search for menu items and topics, and was able to dynamically show the location of menu items within that application. Spotlight's behavior changed to allow the first item highlighted to be opened by pressing Return, rather than the "Show All..." menu item and improved search results, integrating smart folders and categories more into advanced searches and the Finder sidebar itself. The Spotlight logo was slightly modified in System Preferences, and the Menubar now sported a clean magnifying glass instead of the circle Spotlight logo.
Since the beginning, Mac OS X had a rather annoying problem. In the event a user needed to reinstall the system, or if their hard drive had crashed, Mac OS X did not have a built-in backup system. The user would have to back data up manually and transfer it back manually to another source, or otherwise had to use the built-in *nix tools or a RAID set whenever they could remember to back the system up. If OS X needed repairs, it usually required booting from the Mac OS X DVD and doing an Archive & Install or doing filesystem repair and unmounted partitioning from the DVD. Apple answered these two concerns in Leopard. Firstly, Disk Utility gained the ability to repair the startup volume/disk while the system was running and allowed live partitioning of that volume as well. Secondly, Apple introduced what would become another instantly recognizable Mac feature--Time Machine. This allowed automatic backups of the user's home folder and the system itself to an external hard drive or later, to a Time Capsule, so that Mac users could easily manage their backups and restore them through a rather cool animated galaxy frontend that allowed bringing those files back "from the past". And long before system-wide AutoSave in 10.7 Lion, Leopard allowed TextEdit documents to auto-save if the user set it in TextEdit's preferences.
Several other areas of OS X were addressed to make working on the Mac simpler. TextEdit allowed smart or curly quotes, and supported newer XML-based Microsoft Word documents. Non-active windows could be selected, the Terminal gained tabs and color presets, and Guest accounts were introduced for easier use, as well as a full suite of Parental Controls built into the system with a dedicated preference pane that was much easier to find and a much simpler setup over Tiger. For the first time, Macintosh systems now gained the ability to have multiple virtual desktops (4 by default) that could be created, deleted, and switched to directly using the mouse or keyboard. Apple marketed this feature as "Spaces". Boot Camp was directly integrated into OS X for Windows users, unlike in Tiger, where it had to be installed separately or as a factory application. Networking was also greatly simplified, from the redesigned preference panes (i.e. Network, Sharing, and Security) in System Preferences, to the new browsing ease between both Mac and PC systems, which could appear in the sidebar. Accessibility was revamped for easier use, and introduced a new voice that used artificial inhale sounds during pauses called "Alex" that replaced Vicki from Panther--though Vicki can still be used, albeit with a slightly different accent from the new speech engine. VoiceOver received significant improvements over Tiger as well, and improved how user changes could be assigned to the interface and navigation commands. Front Row, an option for certain Mac models in Tiger, was added to the default set of applications and shipped with Leopard. Font Book also protected system fonts that could previously be removed by mistake, and allowed easier printing. Mail added the ability to completely save or "archive" your mailbox if you wished, and data detectors, which allowed Mac users to save contacts from written info similar to the iPhone and Stationary, a set of templates that could be dynamically customized then sent to different mail clients, whether they were on another Mac or not if they used a client capable of rich mail features. Unknown to many Mac users, Notes and To-Dos were first introduced in Mail in 10.5 Leopard -- the reason why this is often missed is because it is hidden as another feature within the Mail application, and are not separate applications.
The Finder was, for the first time, completely rewritten in Cocoa and included a new Sidebar that modeled after the one introduced in iTunes, which cleanly separated devices, networked computers, places, and searches or smart folders into distinct groups, making navigation easier. Cover Flow was also added to the Finder, along with enhanced folder sharing and Quick Look -- which allowed all supported types of documents, pictures, music, and videos to be previewed without having to open an application separately with one press of the spacebar to summon Quick Look and another to close it. 128x128 pixel icons that surpassed the previous 64x64 icon size and full-page navigable previews were also added when icons were scaled up with View preferences in the Finder.
Other tidbits were added to the OS, like a new Downloads folder, which became needed as other browsers and systems included such a folder when installed. The ability to map locations from context menus in applications such as Address Book, spring-loaded icons in the Dock, a new Stacks feature which allowed users to place items directly on the Dock, and the addition of Wikipedia to the Dictionary search results were added. Apple also continued to improve international support, including for Japanese. DVD Player allowed better resuming of movies, a sleeker interface, and now could recover from scratches. iCal could now "auto-pick" times for events such as appointments, and it was now possible to turn off all alarms quickly, amongst several other minor improvements to the application.
iChat AV also significantly advanced with the signature Backdrop feature and Effects that could be applied to live video to produce distortion, color effects, and other fun mods from an attached webcam, also in the Photo Booth application. It was also now possible to do tabbed chatting, and multiple logins, amongst other serious improvements.
Developer features also seriously advanced, starting with user-level features such as full EXIF support, full Unicode support for AppleScript, the ability to directly edit property lists, and UI recording and "starting points" in Automator, which was previously introduced in Tiger. Dashcode for the new release of XCode also extended the Dashboard and made it easier to develop widgets; normal users could also make "web clips", similar to Active Desktop in Windows 98, which allowed sites to be updated as widgets in frames. OpenGL improvements, a new Core Animation framework, and enhancements to multi-core were added to 10.5 Leopard, along with enhancements for 64-bit computing, allowing applications to fully take advantage of 64-bit instructions, leveraging the previous ability to address large amounts of memory added in 10.4 Tiger. Instruments also allowed "analysis templates" and direct dtrace support in Leopard. The Objective C 2.0 standard was also added to Leopard in this release, project snapshots, and instant-on debugging were also introduced to XCode version 3 that shipped with Leopard.
While early developer previews of Leopard could boot on the G3, and while Apple had originally included "G3" within early adverts for the upcoming Leopard, by the later betas and the final release, it was clear that the G3 was completely dropped, leaving 10.4.11 to be the last official Mac OS X release to run natively on the G3. Early G4 machines were also unsupported, though a quick OpenFirmware hack allows Leopard to bypass the clock check, and therefore be installed normally.
After Leopard, Apple would go on to release Snow Leopard in 2009 for Intel Mac models only built solely for the x86/x64 architecture, making Leopard the final OS release by Apple to ever support PowerPC. Disappointingly, as Snow Leopard was designed to optimize the speed of OS X overall as a maintenance release, the maximum OS X version all G4 and G5 computers can run 10.5.8.
By the end of 2007, Apple's market share on the Macintosh had begun to significantly climb, boosted by the introduction of new products, a completed Intel transistion, and the general user perceptions of Windows Vista at that time. With Leopard, OS X finally gained full Unix certification and Leopard also helped establish the identity of OS X as a whole and as an innovative system, giving it several key features known throughout the world, such as Time Machine.


===Snow Leopard (10.6)===
===Snow Leopard (10.6)===

Revision as of 11:08, 15 August 2015

Apple Mac OS X is the operating system for Apple Macintosh computers, first released to the public on March 24, 2001. It is the successor to Mac OS 9, hence the X signifying both its Unix roots and the major release version number 10. As mentioned by Apple, Wikipedia, and others, it is said as Mac OS 10. It shares none of the "Classic" Mac OS design, and is completely rewritten and uses Next frameworks, a hybrid XNU/Mach kernel, and a BSD subsystem dubbed "Darwin". While underlying components of OS X are free/open source software, the top layers, such as the Aqua UI, are proprietary; Darwin packages can be downloaded and compiled from the Apple Open Source website to make a bootable OS.

Mac OS X has been built for three different architectures and four platforms during its release cycle to date. The first six releases (10.0.0-10.5.8) were designed for the PowerPC architecture, adding 64-bit PowerPC support as an additional platform for the G5 in 10.3 Panther. Intel (x86) support started with 10.4.4 Tiger, and was built as a universal release for both PowerPC/x86 with 10.5 Leopard, which finally dropped all G3 support. Since 10.6, PowerPC support is non-existent/dropped, and Mac OS X is currently designed for Mac computers with Intel 32-bit (x86) and Intel 64-bit (x86_64) architectures. AMD is not currently officially supported. Starting with 10.7 "Lion", Mac OS X is now referred to simply as "OS X".

The "iPhone OS" or iOS, which powers the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad is a direct descendant of OS X, and shares its design and many internal frameworks. The latest version of OS X is "Yosemite" (10.10), released on October 16, 2014.


Versions

Mac OS X versions

Trade name Version Codename Additional information
Mac OS X Developer Preview
Mac OS X Public Beta
Mac OS X Cheetah 10.0
Mac OS X Puma 10.1
Mac OS X Jaguar 10.2
Mac OS X Panther 10.3
Mac OS X Tiger 10.4
Mac OS X Leopard 10.5
Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6
Mac OS X Lion 10.7
Mac OS X Mountain Lion 10.8
Mac OS X Mavericks 10.9
Mac OS X Yosemite 10.10

Snow Leopard (10.6)

Main Article: Mac OS X 10.6


10.5 "Leopard" had been a large success, having finally unified support for Intel and PowerPC machines onto one DVD release, with full 64-bit support for the PowerMac G5. Despite these advances, 10.5 still lacked a complete switch from the kernel down to 64-bit throughout the whole system for the newly-released Intel machines (the Mac Pro was already 64-bit capable, and several Mac models quickly switched from using the Core Duo (32-bit) to the then-new Core 2 Duo (64-bit) processor.) A successor to 10.5 "Leopard" was first announced at the WWDC on June 9, 2008, then again in 2009, and finally was released to the public August 28 of the same year.

10.6 "Snow Leopard" was not advertised as competing against Windows as Leopard had done previously, nor was it toted as containing a groundbreaking feature set. Rather, the mission of 10.6 "Snow Leopard" was to further Mac OS X by adding support for new technologies, fine tuning, and refining frameworks and the OS as a whole from the previous release on Apple desktops and notebooks. Part of this change, as previously mentioned, was the introduction of full 64-bit support for x86_64 Macs, though "Snow Leopard" was also designed to run as a 32-bit OS on hardware such as the early Core Duo-based Mac Mini, iMac, and MacBook models.

Despite being smaller, "Snow Leopard" is a release to be reckoned with, as it improved the overall performance of the system, fixing several bugs that caused overall sluggishness in the previous large-scale release, 10.5 "Leopard". Accessibility features, including the drastic changes made to VoiceOver and to several underlying features, were improved to be more responsive to input. Time Machine backups were smoother on average, Finder file operations, such as copying and emptying the Trash, were tweaked overall for faster performance, and both CUPS (the underlying printing service for OS X and other *nix-like systems) and network operations were improved. Smaller improvements, such as better support for mDNS packets and energy improvements were made as well. A minor, but welcome change often overlooked is the addition of a Restore button in the Trash on the Mac, that has existed in the Recycle Bin for Windows users since 95. The memory footprint and disk footprint were significantly reduced for a lighter and faster install (10.5 required 9 GB; 10.6 reduced this to 5 GB minimum). A clean installation of "Snow Leopard" took 15-20 minutes less on average than an install of "Leopard" on the same hardware with its initial release, making it easier for system administrators to upgrade hardware. The addition of OpenCL and several notable improvements to CoreAudio, CoreAnimation, and CoreVideo made it easier for developers to release media-rich applications without impacting the performance of their system; it also solidified the work from earlier releases of the above frameworks, and allowed new applications to be built in this category as well. In addition, application sandboxing, the shift of major applications to 64-bit (note: these only run as 64-bit on 64-bit hardware), address randomization and advances to securing memory helped to further protect Mac OS X.

Finder finally finished the long transition to being a completed Cocoa application, and Boot Camp allowed Windows-on-Mac users to access their OS X formatted partitions (HFS+). Multi-touch trackpad support was also greatly improved from Leopard, and allows all-new gestures on all supported Mac magic mice and trackpads. Other features include fixes to TextEdit and Preview when editing or selecting text versus earlier versions (where text may have been highlighted accidentally), Microsoft Exchange support, improved iChat video quality, and a new release of Safari 4.0 that added the then-popular Cover Flow feature, Top Sites, and crash resistance and (limited) process isolation (this would not be completed until Mavericks, 4 years later). Lastly, QuickTime X was introduced with an all-new overlay controls style with a translucent title bar that floated on top of the video, making the active video or QuickTime window look like a large thumbnail. It also added new controls, such as the ability to cut, all-new HD support for HD videos and content, and allowed screen captures, video recording, and audio recording built into Mac OS X natively for the first time (previous versions required third-party applications to record sound or to screencast).

Other minor improvements include small tweaks to the Aqua UI, such as to window buttons and the Menubar, as well as to the Aurora wallpaper (which appears smoother), and a gamma change from the old 1.8 Macintosh default to a lower, more crisp gamma default to help aid photography and media professionals better calibrate their work to industry-standard displays. New "Art" wallpaper and other additions were stealthily added to Desktop & Screen Saver preferences as well and an optional eject button is shown in the Menubar for devices.

The final cumulative update to "Snow Leopard", 10.6.8, added several security patches, performance and reliability fixes, and also backported the Mac App Store to "Snow Leopard" as well, where a user is then able to upgrade to 10.8 "Mountain Lion", 10.9 "Mavericks", or even 10.10 "Yosemite" through the App Store. However, 10.6.8 "Snow Leopard", along with previous Mac OS X releases, are vulnerable to the potential "Shellshock" holes that may affect the underlying BSD subsystem by exploiting bash to gain unwanted control and access on an unpatched system. Since Apple only provides an official patch to this issue for 10.7 "Lion" and above, solutions include compiling a recent build of bash from the GNU FTP and copying the binaries manually, or extracting the installer package for Lion with Pacifist and placing the pre-compiled binaries into the intended folders using Terminal (which may be an easier method for non-developers).

10.6 "Snow Leopard" is a unique, well-loved, and critical release for several reasons, as it is the last stable and longest supported OS X version before the major changes made in 10.7 "Lion" and later that mimicked the feature set in iOS. It is the final release to retain the original Dashboard and Expose functionality by default (rather than Mission Control) and is the final version to include QuickTime 7 (needed for legacy video support). "Snow Leopard", however, mainly owes its long life to the fact that it is also the last release to support 32-bit Intel Core Duo and Core Solo models, and is the last Mac OS X release to include the Rosetta compatibility layer, making it possible to run most (though not all) applications written for PowerPC, such as Photoshop for the G4. While Universal applications can still run on "Lion" and later, it is this support that is treasured by many Macintosh enthusiasts who still wish to run older software on their Intel Macs, making it perhaps one of the most-loved releases in OS X history.

It is also by far the version of choice for veteran Hackintosh users, and in this sense is comparable to XP for Microsoft, and a third-party hack makes "Snow Leopard" the only version that can boot and install on AMD64 machines. However, perhaps the driving factor behind this was the low $29 price point that Apple offered this release for, making owning personal copies affordable and thereby a much more likely target to install. With "Snow Leopard", Apple solidified their operating system as a world-class, enterprise ready system that was not just fun and dynamic, but that was tuned well with solidified frameworks, proving to be reliable. With this release, Apple began to focus on the next set of major features and finally dropped support for G4 and G5 (PowerPC) processors, just as it had dropped the lower-powered G3 in "Leopard". ,

Lion (10.7)

A preview of Lion was publicly unveiled at Apple's "Back to the Mac" event on October 20, 2010. It will bring many developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily-navigable display of installed applications, to the Mac, and will include support for the Mac App Store, as introduced in Mac OS X Snow Leopard version 10.6.6. On February 24, 2011, the first developer's preview of Lion (11A390) was released to subscribers of Apple's developers program. The latest preview (build 11A459e) was released on May 13, 2011.

In a press release by Apple on May 31st, 2011, an announcement was made that this new release will be unveiled by Steve Jobs on June 6th at the WWDC 2011.

It was scheduled to release on Summer 2011.

This was also the last Mac OS developed before Steve Jobs died.

A Intel Core 2 Duo or newer processor and 2 GB of RAM is required.

Mountain Lion (10.8)

OS X is released on July 25, 2012. It mostly adds new iCloud-based software, to replace the older Apple cloud software .me. There is also a new Notification Center, which displays messages from phone, and new notifications from online services.

Basic System Requirements for OS X Mountain Lion:

  • 64-Bit Intel Core 2 Duo processor or better required
  • Ability to boot into OS X 64-bit kernel
  • Advanced GPU chipset required
  • Internet connection required to download and install OS X 10.8

Macs that support OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

  • MacBook Pro – 13″ from mid 2009 or later, 15″ from late 2007 and newer, 17″ from late 2007 and newer
  • MacBook Air – late 2008 and newer
  • iMac – models from mid 2007 and newer
  • MacBook – 13″ aluminum from 2008, 13″ from 2009 and newer
  • Mac Mini – early 2009 and newer
  • Mac Pro – early 2008 models and newer
  • XServe – early 2009 models and newer

Macs that do NOT support OS X Mountain Lion

  • Anything with an Intel GMA 950 or x3100 integrated graphics card
  • Anything with an ATI Radeon X1600
  • MacBook models released prior to 2008
  • Mac Mini released prior to 2007
  • iMac models released prior to 2007
  • Original MacBook Air

Mavericks (10.9)

Mavericks is the tenth major release of OS X. It was announced at June 10, 2013, at WWDC 2013. The RTM was released on October 22, 2013 and it boasts several changes over the original OS X releases.

Mavericks made Apple history for two distinct reasons: 1) For the first time, OS X was released to all qualifying Mac users free of charge as a system upgrade on the Mac App Store, and 2) Mavericks is the first release that stopped using feline codenames and switched to California-based titles, thus making it the start of a new generation or line of OS X. Mavericks also did not change system requirements significantly (if at all) from Mountain Lion.

While aestetically the same as 10.8 "Mountain Lion" (the previous release), 10.9 introduced memory compression, improved paging, and new energy management features, along with Time Coalescing.

Yosemite (10.10)

Yosemite is the current version of OS X, released on October 16, 2014. It was announced at the 2014 WWDC, and is currently available for free download from the Mac App Store for all users. Yosemite is perhaps the largest change to Mac OS since the release of 10.0 itself, with a completely redesigned Aqua UI inspired by the translucent "Glass" design of iOS 7, new icons, Continuity, Spotlight 2, and other large-scale changes.