Microsoft KB Archive/158086

= How to use the list::back, list::front, list::pop_back, list::pop_front, list::push_back, and list::push_front STL functions in Visual C++ =

Article ID: 158086

Article Last Modified on 1/9/2006

-

APPLIES TO

 The Standard C++ Library, when used with:  Microsoft Visual C++ 4.2 Enterprise Edition

 Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 Enterprise Edition

 Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 Enterprise Edition

 Microsoft Visual C++ 4.2 Professional Edition</li></ul>

 Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 Professional Edition</li></ul>

 Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 Professional Edition</li></ul>

 Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 Standard Edition</li></ul>

 Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition</li></ul>

 Microsoft Visual C++ .NET 2003 Standard Edition</li></ul>

 Microsoft Visual C++ .NET 2002 Standard Edition</li></ul> </li></ul>

-

<div class="notice_section">

This article was previously published under Q158086

<div class="summary_section">

SUMMARY
The sample code below illustrates how to use the list::back, list::front, list::pop_back, list::pop_front, list::push_back, and list::push_front STL functions in Visual C++.

<div class="moreinformation_section">

Prototype
reference back; const_reference back const; reference front; const_reference front const; void pop_back; void pop_front; void push_back(const T& x); void push_front(const T& x); Note The class/parameter names in the prototype may not match the version in the header file. Some have been modified to improve readability.

Description
The member function back returns a reference to the last element of the controlled sequence. The member function front returns a reference to the first element of the controlled sequence. The member function pop_back removes the last element of the controlled sequence. The member function pop_front removes the first element of the controlled sequence. All the above functions require that the controlled sequence be non-empty.

The member function push_back inserts an element with value x at the end of the controlled sequence. The member function push_front inserts an element with value x at the beginning of the controlled sequence.

Sample code
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Compile options needed: -GX // // liststck.cpp : This example shows how to use the various stack //                like functions of list. // // Functions: // //   list::back //   list::front //   list::pop_back //   list::pop_front //   list::push_back //   list::push_front // // Written by Andrew Bradnan // Copyright (c) 1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

using namespace std;
 * 1) include
 * 2) include
 * 3) include

using namespace std; // std c++ libs implemented in std #endif
 * 1) if _MSC_VER > 1020  // if VC++ version is > 4.2

typedef list<string, allocator > LISTSTR;

void main

{

LISTSTR test;

test.push_back("back"); test.push_front("middle"); test.push_front("front");

// front cout << test.front << endl;

// back cout << test.back << endl;

test.pop_front; test.pop_back;

// middle cout << test.front << endl;

} The Program Output is: <pre class="fixed_text">front back middle

<div class="references_section">