Microsoft KB Archive/145745

= INFO: Function Differences Between Asc/AscB/AscW and Chr/ChrB/ChrW =

Article ID: 145745

Article Last Modified on 5/7/2003

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APPLIES TO


 * Microsoft Visual Basic 5.0 Learning Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Learning Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 5.0 Professional Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Professional Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 5.0 Enterprise Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Enterprise Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 Standard Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 Professional Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 Professional Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 16-bit Enterprise Edition
 * Microsoft Visual Basic 4.0 32-Bit Enterprise Edition

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This article was previously published under Q145745



SUMMARY
For years, BASIC programmers have been using the Asc and Chr functions to access and manipulate the ASCII character set. With the advent of Unicode acceptance in mainstream operating systems and applications, the need for improved versions of the Asc and Chr functions has developed. To meet this demand, Microsoft Visual Basic (4.0 and higher) for Windows includes the AscB/ChrB and AscW/ChrW functions.



MORE INFORMATION
Unicode is a standard that is designed to replace the ANSI standard for encoding characters in a numeric form. Because the ANSI standard only uses a single byte to represent each character, it is limited to a maximum of 256 different characters. While this is sufficient for the needs of an English speaking audience, it falls short when the worldwide software market is considered. With the Unicode standard, each character is represented by two bytes, so that the entire Unicode character set includes 65,536 possible locations.

Microsoft Windows NT, Microsoft Windows 2000, and Microsoft OLE 2.0 are entirely Unicode based, and Visual Basic (4.0 and higher) represents all strings internally in Unicode format. The AscW and ChrW functions allow access to the full range of Unicode characters. These functions work in the same way as the original Asc and Chr functions except that they support arguments from 0 to 65,535 instead of just from 0 to 255. Many Visual Basic objects (such as the debug window and the label and text box) return a "?" when these objects do not know how to display an Unicode character.

Because all strings are now represented internally in Unicode format, it is not as simple as it used to be to represent binary data in a string. Using the Chr function to assign data to a string does not result in the same behavior as before. For example:

stringvar = Chr(65)

results in a two-byte long string, where byte 1 has a value of 65 and byte 2 has a value of 0 (this is the Unicode representation of the letter "A"). Be sure to keep in mind that converting from ANSI to Unicode does not always entail just adding a second byte with a value of zero as it does in this case. For example, most of the ANSI character codes in the range 130-159 have completely different Unicode values. Try executing a 'Debug.Print AscW(Chr(130))' and you a value of 8218 is displayed.

Currently, Microsoft Windows requires a little endian processor, which means that in a multiple byte entity the first byte is the least significant, and significance increases in successive bytes. This explains why the Unicode character "A" is represented internally as the following:

  --- |  65   |    0   |   ---     byte 0     byte 1

The AscB and ChrB functions can be used to replicate what used to be accomplished by the Asc and Chr functions, because these functions allow the manipulation of single byte quantities. If you would like a four-byte string that has the binary values of 65, 66, 67, and 68 consecutively then using the Chr function will not work. You must instead use the ChrB function. For example:

stringvar = ChrB(65) & ChrB(66) & ChrB(67) & ChrB(68)

Alternatively, you can use the ability to create arrays of the new byte data type and manipulate your binary data that way.

Listed below is an explanation of the results of some simple uses of these functions to further clarify this information.

Print Asc(Chr(255)) --> "255"

Nothing new here, except that the Chr function is returning a Unicode character that occupies two bytes instead of a one-byte ANSI character.

Print Asc(ChrB(255)) --> 5 - Invalid procedure call.

This usage returns an error because the Asc function always expects at least a two-byte parameter and the ChrB function is only returning a single byte.

Print Asc(Chr(256)) --> 5 - Invalid procedure call.

Although the Chr function returns a two-byte Unicode character, it still only takes numbers between 0 and 255 for its argument (note that on a DBCS enabled system, Asc/Chr handle two-byte DBCS characters, converting them to and from Unicode). Using the ChrW function allows access to the full 65,536 Unicode character locations.

Print AscW(ChrW(256)) --> "256"

This is the new version of the first statement in this section. The ChrW function takes a value from 0 to 65,536 and returns that character (on 32-bit systems). The AscW function interprets this two-byte character as a Unicode character and returns the correct Unicode value for that character.

Print Asc(ChrW(256)) --> "65"

Print Asc(ChrW(5000)) --> "63"

What is happening here is that the ChrW function is being evaluated first. ChrW(256) is the character "A", and so the function reduces to Asc("A"), and the Unicode (and ANSI) number for "A" is 65. Because Visual Basic does not know how to display the character represented by Chr(5000) it just displays a "?", and as expected, the Unicode and ANSI value for "?" is 63.

Print AscB(Chr(65)) --> "65"

Print AscB(ChrW(256)) --> "0"

Print AscB(ChrW(257)) --> "1"

Print AscB(ChrW(555)) --> "43"

Print AscB(ChrW(65535)) --> "255"

All of these return values can be explained by understanding how each character is represented internally (see the little-endian reference above) and by the fact that the AscB function looks only at the first byte of the character it receives. Visually it looks like the following diagram:

            --- Chr(65)  |   65   |    0   | ---  Chr(256)  |    0   |    1   | ---  Chr(257)  |    1   |    1   | ---  Chr(555)  |   43   |    1   | ---  Chr(65535)|   255  |  255   | ---              byte 0    byte 1

The AscB function just returns whatever the first byte of the character is.

Print ChrB(65) --> ""

Visual Basic prints nothing for this call to the ChrB function because the ChrB function is only returning a one-byte string. One byte strings like this mean nothing to Visual Basic because they do not constitute a valid Unicode character (or series of characters).

Print ChrB(65) & ChrB(0) --> "A"

In this case, we are concatenating two one-byte strings into a single two-byte string. Because the resulting bit pattern is the same as the bit pattern for the Unicode "A", that is what Visual Basic prints.

Keywords: kbinfo KB145745

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