Here's Microsoft Office 2019 running on Windows 10 Build 9888, it's the first Windows 10 build that has the version "10.0" as seen in the About Windows dialog box. Sadly, earlier builds of Windows 10 won't work because Microsoft Office 2019 will complain that you will need to upgrade to Windows 10, but on Windows 10 Build 9888, it installs fine and no problems with it at all. Surprised, that it hasn't error yet on any application I've tried out on Office 2019 and works perfectly as well. So, I guess the requirement that the Office 2019 installer checks is the version number of Windows which of course as you know the Windows 10 version number, it's "10.0" in the winver dialog, and since Windows 10 Build 9888 has version "10.0", the office 2019 installer just installs fine as usual.
Here's some screenshots for proof:
Here's Microsoft Office 2019 working perfectly on Windows 10 Build 9888, no modifications done to the installer at all. It installed perfectly!
Office 2019 refusing to install on Windows 10 build 9841, most likely due to the version number not being "10.0" since it installs fine on Windows 10 Build 9888.